UNIT+1-+CHEM+&+BIOCHEM

__Unit 1 Chemistry and Biochemistry__ Chemistry is the key source to life. Everyday your body uses chemical reactions to break down food and oxygen. All living things are made form chemical compounds. Chemistry involves atoms which is the smallest form of matter. Within atoms are a nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons. Unit Vocabulary (all definitions is directcly from Prentice Hall Biology Text book)

Atom: basic unit of matter Acid:compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution Activation Energy: energy needed to get a reaction started Amino Acid: compound with an amino group (−NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (−COOH) on the other end Adhesive: attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules Base: compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution Buffer: weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH Chemical Reactions: process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Catalyst: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Carbohydrate: compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body Cohesive: attraction between molecules of the same substance Covalent Bond: bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms Chemical Bond: link that holds together atoms in compounds Compoud: substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions DNA: nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose Enzyme: protein that acts as a biological catalyst Electron: negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus Element: substance consisting entirely of one type of atom Ion: atom that has a positive or negative charge Ionic Bond: bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Isotope: atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element Lipid: macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes Mixture: material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined Molecule: smallest unit of most compounds Monomer: small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers Monossocharide: single sugar molecule Nucleic Acid: macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Nucleotide: monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Nucleus: the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities PH Scale: measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 Polymer: large compound formed from combinations of many monomers Polyssocharide: large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides Product: element or compound produced by a chemical reaction Protein: macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes RNA: single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose Reactent: element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction Solution: mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed Solute:substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution Solvent: substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution Suspenion: mixture of water and nondissolved materials Substrate: reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction Van Der Waals Forces: a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules